A conceptual analysis is the first step to understanding the regime of civil liability for damage caused by global navigation satellite systems (GNSS). Although it has a complicated technical architecture, the term GNSS under civil liability is limited to core GNSS, regional systems, and augmentation systems, but excludes GNSS value-added services and malfunction of user equipment. In the context of GNSS, the content and allocation of responsibility/liability (interrelated sister terms with different emphasis) differ according to the nature of GNSS. Contractual liability and non- contractual liability constitute the complete picture of GNSS civil liability. Although not wholly representative, tort liability for GNSS embodies the highest percentage of GNSS non-contractual liability. Both GNSS third party liability and GNSS product liability are two subordinate concepts, which occasionally overlap, of GNSS tort liability.

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